Scoliosis is a medical condition characterised by an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine.

While many people experience mild scoliosis without significant complications, severe cases can lead to significant pain, mobility limitations, and even impaired lung function.

For individuals with more severe scoliosis, spinal fusion surgery has emerged as one of the most effective treatments, especially when non-surgical methods fail to correct the curvature or provide relief from symptoms.

In this blog, Karetrip will explore why spinal fusion surgery is often chosen as a treatment for scoliosis, including its benefits, considerations, risks, and the overall impact on the quality of life for those with this condition.

What is Spinal Fusion Surgery?

Spinal fusion surgery is a procedure aimed at eliminating the motion between two or more vertebrae in the spine. This is achieved by using bone grafts or synthetic materials to promote bone growth and fuse the vertebrae together.

In scoliosis patients, the goal of spinal fusion surgery is to straighten the spine and stop the progression of the curvature. It is typically considered for patients whose scoliosis curves are severe (greater than 40-50 degrees), those who experience chronic pain, or individuals whose curves are progressively worsening.

Why Choose Spinal Fusion for Scoliosis?

• Effective Correction of Spinal Deformities

One of the primary reasons for choosing spinal fusion surgery is its effectiveness in correcting spinal deformities. Severe scoliosis can result in visible and functional issues, such as an uneven posture, asymmetry in the shoulders or hips, and in extreme cases, a hunched appearance.

Spinal fusion provides a long-term solution by straightening the spine and preventing further progression of the curvature. By stabilising the spine, spinal fusion restores alignment and helps improve the patient’s posture.

• Relief from Chronic Pain

Many individuals with scoliosis experience chronic back pain due to the misalignment of the spine. The abnormal curvature can place strain on muscles, ligaments, and discs, leading to discomfort and reduced mobility.

While physical therapy, braces, and medications may provide temporary relief, they do not address the root cause of the pain. Spinal fusion surgery eliminates the movement between the affected vertebrae, helping to alleviate pain and providing long-term relief.

• Prevention of Further Curvature Progression

In growing children and adolescents, scoliosis can continue to worsen as the spine develops. If left untreated, severe scoliosis can lead to a significant increase in the curvature, which may worsen over time and result in further complications, such as breathing problems or spinal deformities.

Spinal fusion surgery is often recommended in these cases to stop the progression of the curve and prevent more severe consequences. By fusing the vertebrae together, the surgery ensures that the curve will not continue to worsen, providing a more stable and predictable outcome.

• Improvement in Quality of Life

Individuals with severe scoliosis often experience limitations in their daily activities. The curvature of the spine can make it difficult to perform routine tasks such as walking, sitting, or exercising. Additionally, the emotional toll of dealing with a visible deformity or persistent pain can lead to a lower quality of life.

Spinal fusion surgery offers an opportunity to improve both physical and emotional well-being. By straightening the spine and eliminating pain, patients often experience an improved range of motion, better posture, and increased confidence.

• Surgical Techniques Have Advanced

Spinal fusion surgery has evolved significantly over the past few decades. Today’s techniques use advanced technology, such as minimally invasive surgery (MIS), which reduces the trauma to surrounding tissues and shortens recovery times.

Surgeons can now perform spinal fusion with smaller incisions and fewer complications, offering faster recovery and a lower risk of infection. Additionally, newer instrumentation, such as rods, screws, and bone grafts, have made the procedure more effective and predictable.

Key Considerations Before Choosing Spinal Fusion Surgery

While spinal fusion can offer significant benefits, it is important for patients to carefully consider the risks and benefits before opting for surgery. Some of the key considerations include

1. Severity of the Scoliosis

Spinal fusion surgery is typically recommended for patients with moderate to severe scoliosis. Individuals with mild curvature (less than 20-30 degrees) may not need surgery and can often be managed with non-surgical interventions such as physical therapy, bracing, or regular monitoring. It is important to consult with a spine specialist to assess the severity of the condition and determine whether surgery is necessary.

2. Age and Bone Health

The age of the patient plays a significant role in determining the success of spinal fusion surgery. In growing children, the goal is to prevent further curvature progression while the bones are still flexible.

However, in adults, bone health and the presence of any other medical conditions can affect healing and recovery. Older patients may also face a longer recovery period due to age-related factors, such as reduced bone density and slower healing capacity.

3. Alternative Treatments

Non-surgical treatments should always be considered before opting for spinal fusion surgery. These may include physical therapy, bracing, pain management, and observation.

For individuals with mild scoliosis or those who are not yet experiencing significant symptoms, these conservative treatments may offer adequate relief without the need for surgery.

4. Recovery Time and Rehabilitation

Recovery from spinal fusion surgery can be challenging and time-consuming. The procedure typically requires a hospital stay, followed by a period of rest and rehabilitation.

Most patients can expect to resume normal activities within 6-12 months, though it may take longer for full recovery. Patients need to follow the surgeon's post-operative instructions carefully and attend physical therapy to regain strength and mobility.

5. Potential Risks and Complications

Like all surgeries, spinal fusion carries potential risks and complications. These may include infection, blood clots, nerve damage, bleeding, or issues with the bone graft or hardware used in the procedure.

While the overall success rate of spinal fusion is high, it is important for patients to discuss these risks with their healthcare provider and determine whether the potential benefits outweigh the risks.

Benefits of Spinal Fusion Surgery

• Long-Term Correction: Spinal fusion provides a lasting solution for patients with severe scoliosis by halting the progression of the curvature.

• Improved Function: Many patients report significant improvement in their ability to perform everyday activities and enjoy a higher quality of life.

• Decreased Pain: The surgery eliminates the abnormal movement in the spine, helping to reduce chronic pain.

• Cosmetic Improvements: In addition to functional benefits, spinal fusion can also improve the aesthetic appearance of the spine by straightening the curvature.

Risks and Considerations

• Recovery Time: Full recovery from spinal fusion can take several months, during which time patients may need to adjust to changes in their lifestyle.

• Surgical Risks: As with any major surgery, there are potential risks, including infection, complications with anaesthesia, or issues with the bone graft.

• Loss of Flexibility: Spinal fusion limits the flexibility of the spine by permanently fusing the vertebrae, which may affect mobility, especially in certain activities like bending or twisting.